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Carl Sagan's - Cosmos

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TV : Documentary : TV quality : English
 
Carl Sagan - November 9, 1934 – December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, cosmologist,
astrophysicist, astrobiologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in astronomy and other natural
sciences. He is best known for his work as a science popularizer and communicator. His best known scientific
contribution is research on extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids
from basic chemicals by radiation. Sagan assembled the first physical messages sent into space: the Pioneer plaque and
the Voyager Golden Record, universal messages that could potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence
that might find them. Sagan argued the now accepted hypothesis that the high surface temperatures of Venus can be
attributed to and calculated using the greenhouse effect. 


Cosmos
 
Cosmos was produced in 1978 and 1979 by Los
Angeles PBS affiliate KCET on a roughly $6.3 million budget, with over $2 million additionally allocated to promotion.
The program's format is similar to earlier BBC documentaries such as Kenneth Clark's Civilisation, Jacob
Bronowski's The Ascent of Man, and David Attenborough's Life on Earth. However, unlike those series, which
were shot entirely on film, Cosmos used videotape for interior scenes and special effects, with film being used for
exteriors. The BBC—a co-producer of Cosmos—later screened the series, but the episodes were cut to fit
50-minute slots.

The series is notable for its groundbreaking use of special effects, which allow Sagan to
seemingly walk through environments that are actually models rather than full-sized sets. The soundtrack includes pieces
of music provided by Greek composer Vangelis, such as Alpha, Pulstar, and Heaven and Hell Part 1 (the last movement
serves as the signature theme music for the show, and is directly referenced by the title of the fourth episode).
Throughout the 13 hours of the series, many tracks from several 1970s albums are used, such as Albedo 0.39, Meddle,
Spiral, Ignacio, Beaubourg, and China. The worldwide success of the documentary series put Vangelis' music in the
homes of many, and brought it to the attention of a global audience.

Turner Home Entertainment purchased
Cosmos from series producer KCET in 1989. In making the move to commercial television, the hour-long episodes were
edited to shorter lengths, and Sagan shot new epilogues for several episodes, in which he discussed new
discoveries—and alternative viewpoints—that had arisen since the original broadcast. A 14th episode,
consisting of an interview between Sagan and Ted Turner, was also produced. This new version of the series was
eventually released as a VHS box set. This same re-edited version was also released on 12" LaserDisc. Two episodes
were released per disc, one episode on each side. The LaserDiscs for the various episodes were sold separately, not in a
boxed set (as was done for VHS).

Cosmos was unavailable for many years after its initial release because of
copyright issues with the soundtrack music, but when it was released in 2000 on worldwide NTSC DVD, subtitles in seven
languages and remastered 5.1 sound were included, as well as an alternative music and sound effects track. In 2005, The
Science Channel rebroadcast the series for its 25th anniversary, with updated computer graphics and film footage,
digital sound, and information about relevant scientific discoveries in the intervening 25 years. Despite being shown
again on the Science Channel, the total amount of time for the original 13 episodes (780 minutes) was reduced 25% to 585
minutes (45 minutes per episode) in order to make room for commercials.

In a 2009 UK release, Fremantle Media
Enterprises digitally restored and remastered the original series as a five-disc DVD set which included bonus science
updates.

Episodes Included:
1 - "The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean"
Carl Sagan opens
the program with a description of the cosmos and a "Spaceship of the Imagination"
(shaped like a dandelion seed). The ship journeys through the universe's hundred billion galaxies, the Local Group,
the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way, the Orion Nebula, our Solar System, and finally the planet Earth.
Eratosthenes' successful calculation of the circumference of Earth leads to a
description of the ancient Library of Alexandria. Finally, the "Ages of Science"
are described, before pulling back to the full span of the Cosmic Calendar. Note: the revised version of the series adds
an introduction by Ann Druyan to this episode, recorded after Sagan's death, in which she discusses some of the
changes that occurred in the years after its broadcast.

2 - "One Voice in the Cosmic Fugue"
Sagan discusses the story of the Heike crab and artificial selection of crabs resembling samurai warriors, as an
opening into a larger discussion of evolution through natural selection (and the pitfalls of intelligent design). Among
the topics are the development of life on the Cosmic Calendar and the Cambrian explosion; the function of DNA in growth;
genetic replication, repairs, and mutation; the common biochemistry of terrestrial organisms; the creation of the
molecules of life in the Miller–Urey experiment; and speculation on alien life (such as life in Jupiter's
clouds). In the Cosmos Update ten years later, Sagan remarks on RNA also controlling chemical reactions and reproducing
itself and the different roles of comets (potentially carrying organic molecules or causing the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event).

3 - "Harmony of the Worlds"
Beginning with the
separation of the fuzzy thinking and pious fraud of astrology from the careful observations of astronomy, Sagan follows
the development of astronomical observation. Beginning with constellations and ceremonial calendars (such as those of
the Anasazi), the story moves to the debate between Earth and Sun-centered models: Ptolemy and the geocentric worldview,
Copernicus' theory, the data-gathering of Tycho Brahe, and the achievements of Johannes Kepler (Kepler's laws
of planetary motion and the first science-fiction novel).

4 - "Heaven and Hell"
Sagan
discusses comets and asteroids as planetary impactors, giving recent examples of the Tunguska event and a lunar impact
described by Canterbury monks in 1178. It moves to a description of the environment of
Venus, from the previous fantastic theories of people such as Immanuel Velikovsky to the information gained by the
Venera landers and its implications for Earth's greenhouse effect. The Cosmos Update highlights the connection to
global warming.

5 - "Blues for a Red Planet"
The episode, devoted to the planet Mars, begins
with scientific and fictional speculation about the Red Planet during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
(H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds, Edgar Rice Burroughs' science fiction books, and Percival Lowell's
false vision of canals on Mars). It then moves to Robert Goddard's early experiments in rocket-building, inspired
by reading science fiction, and the work by Mars probes, including the Viking, searching for life on Mars. The episode
ends with the possibility of the terraforming and colonization of Mars and a Cosmos Update on the relevance of
Mars' environment to Earth's and the possibility of a manned mission to Mars.

6 -
"Travellers' Tales"
The journeys of the Voyager probes is put in the context of the Netherlands in
the seventeenth century, with a centuries-long tradition of sailing ship explorers, and its contemporary thinkers (such
as Constantijn Huygens and his son Christian). Their discoveries are compared to the Voyager probes' discoveries
among the Jovian and Saturn systems. In Cosmos Update, image processing reconstructs Voyager's worlds and
Voyager's last portrait of the Solar System as it leaves is shown.

7 - "The Backbone of
Night"
Carl Sagan teaches students in a classroom in his childhood home in Brooklyn, New York, which leads
into a history of the different mythologies about stars and the gradual revelation of their true nature. In ancient
Greece, some philosophers (Aristarchus of Samos, Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Theodorus of Samos, Empedocles,
Democritus) freely pursue scientific knowledge, while others (Plato, Aristotle, and the Pythagoreans) advocate slavery
and epistemic secrecy.

8 - "Journeys in Space and Time"
Ideas about time and space are
explored in the changes that constellations undergo over time, the redshift and blue shift measured in interstellar
objects, time dilation in Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, the designs of both Leonardo da Vinci and
spacecraft that could travel near light speed, time travel and its hypothetical effects on human history, the origins of
the Solar System, the history of life, and the immensity of space. In Cosmos Update, the idea of faster-than-light
travel by wormholes (researched by Kip Thorne and shown in Sagan's novel Contact) is discussed.

9 -
"The Lives of the Stars"
The simple act of making an apple pie is extrapolated into the atoms and
subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons) necessary. Many of the ingredients necessary are formed of
chemical elements formed in the life and deaths of stars (such as our own Sun), resulting in massive red giants and
supernovae or collapsing into white dwarfs, neutron stars, pulsars, and even black holes. These produce all sorts of
phenomena, such as radioactivity, cosmic rays, and even the curving of spacetime by gravity. Cosmos Update mentions the
supernova SN 1987A and neutrino astronomy.

10 - "The Edge of Forever"
Beginning with the
origins of the universe in the Big Bang, Sagan describes the formation of different types of galaxies and anomalies such
as galactic collisions and quasars. The episode moves further into ideas about the structure of the Universe, such as
different dimensions (in the imaginary Flatland and four-dimensional hypercubes), an infinite vs. a finite universe, and
the idea of an oscillating Universe (similar to that in Hindu cosmology). The search into other ideas such as dark
matter and the multiverse is shown, using tools such as the Very Large Array in New Mexico. Cosmos Update shows new
information about the odd, irregular surfaces of galaxies and the Milky Way perhaps being a barred spiral galaxy.

11 - "The Persistence of Memory"
The idea of intelligence is explored in the concepts of
computers (using bits as their basic units of information), whales (in their songs and their disruptions by human
activities), DNA, the human brain (the evolution of the brain stem, frontal lobes, neurons, cerebral hemispheres, and
corpus callosum under the Triune Brain Model), and man-made structures for collective intelligence (cities, libraries,
books, computers, and satellites). The episode ends with speculation on alien intelligence and the information conveyed
on the Voyager Golden Record.

12 - "Encyclopaedia Galactica"
Questions are raised about the
search for intelligent life beyond the Earth, with UFOs and other close encounters refuted in favor of communications
through SETI and radio telescope such as the Arecibo Observatory. The probability of technically advanced civilizations
existing elsewhere in the Milky Way is interpreted using the Drake equation and a future hypothetical Encyclopedia
Galactica (similar to Rosetta Stone) is discussed as a repository of information about other worlds in the galaxy. The
Cosmos Update notes that there have been fewer sightings of UFOs and more stories of abductions, while mentioning the
META scanning the skies for signals.

13 - "Who Speaks for Earth?"
Sagan reflects on the future
of humanity and the question of "who speaks for Earth?" when meeting extraterrestrials. He discusses the very
different meetings of the Tlingit people and explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse with the destruction of the
Aztecs by Spanish conquistadors, the looming threat of nuclear warfare, and the threats shown by destruction of the
Library of Alexandria and the murder of Hypatia. The episode ends with an overview of the beginning of the universe, the
evolution of life, and the accomplishments of humanity and makes a plea to mankind to cherish life and continue its
journey in the cosmos. The Cosmos Update notes the preliminary reconnaissance of planets with spacecraft, the fall of
the Berlin Wall and the end of apartheid in South Africa, and measures towards the reduction of nuclear weapons.

14 - "A Dialog between Carl Sagan and Ted Turner"
This special episode consists of an interview
between Sagan and Ted Turner.

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